Saturday, May 16, 2020

Nucleic Acid Measurements - 1302 Words

Lecture 8 Nucleic Acid-Based Measurements Text Chapter 13 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 Total community DNA †¢ Extract DNA from soil – – – – remove cells from soil separate cells from soil lyse cells separate DNA from cells – purify DNA †¢ Extract DNA from soil – Extract DNA from cells in presence of soil †¢ Bead-beating †¢ chemical or enzymatic treatment – Sodium dodecyl sulfate or lysozyme Wednesday, July 24, 2013 DNA purification †¢ Cesium chloride gradient centrifugation †¢ Kits Low density DNA High density Wednesday, July 24, 2013 Visualizing nucleic acidsBlotting †¢ Southern blotting – DNA †¢ Northern blotting – RNA Wednesday, July 24, 2013 Agarose gel electrophoresis - Stain gel with ethidium†¦show more content†¦ednesday, July 24, 2013 50  µm Combining ELF and CF319a probes to determine what portion of the PO4aseactive cells in floc fall within cytophaga-flavobacteria group ELFTM PO4ase CF319a FISH probe activity FISH probe PO4ase activity 17% of total community PO4ase activity contributed by cytophaga Wednesday, July 24, 2013 Summary FISH provides information on – Presence of specific populations – Morphology of specific populations – Relative numerical contribution of specific populations to total community – Spatial relationships between populations – Functions associated with specific populations Wednesday, July 24, 2013 Gene probe detection of a DNA sequence Digoxigenin (DIG) Probes range in size from 18-100bp ssDNA Denatured ssDNA from suspect bacterium Wednesday, July 24, 2013 Alternative gene probe detection of a DNA sequence Wednesday, July 24, 2013 Exploring microbial activity †¢Need to know sequence of gene being expressed †¢Alternatively, use random hexamer primers, then sequence cDNA product to identify gene being expressed Wednesday, July 24, 2013 Reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) †¢ Make single-strand cDNA from mRNA – downstream antisense primer or random hexamer and RT to make complete cDNA copy of RNA molecule †¢ Use cDNA, DNA polymerase, and a downstream primer in conventional PCR – extension leads to double-stranded DNA †¢ Regular PCR of dsDNA Wednesday, July 24, 2013 Applications of RT-PCR †¢ Detection ofShow MoreRelatedFiber Sensors For Bio Sensing1289 Words   |  6 Pagesdetection of the analyte. This analyte has a function to join physicochemical detectors and the components that are biological. A sensitive biological element includes cell receptors, organelles, enzymes, tissues, antibodies, microorganisms and nucleic acids. This element that is sensitive biological is a kind of bio-mimetic or a biological material which binds with the analyte during the study. There is another way to create biological sensitive elements and that is biological engineering throughRead MoreScience Study Of The Natural World1270 Words   |  6 Pagesneutrons Adhesion - the attraction that sticks two different materials together Surface Tension - the force in liquids that attempts to minimize surface area Electrolysis - the process where an electric current is passed through an ionized solution Amino Acid - the building blocks of proteins Polymerization - the process that creates polymers Catalyst - a material that speeds up a chemical reaction Activation Energy - the minimum amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction Denature - remove naturalRead MoreWhat Is The Purity Check Of DNA?982 Words   |  4 Pagesbut are generally higher, which may mean that there are traces of RNA present in the sample since the expected value for RNA is around 2.0. Finally, the purity check regarding the A260/230 ratio is significantly lower than the expected 1.8 for nucleic acids since they ended up being closer to around 0.41, which is even further away from the theoretical value compared to those yielded from the precipitation method samples in table 2. b. The NanoDrop machine essentially calculates the concentrationRead MoreThe Resistance Of Bacteria And Antibiotics1615 Words   |  7 Pagesviruses which consist of a nucleic acid molecule in a protein coat, which is only able to multiply only within the living cells of a host. Physically, they are made up of a protein coat called a capsid. This is a protein shell that encases the nucleic acid. This shell is made up of protein arranged into subunits known as capsomers. They are closely associated with the nucleic acid and mirror its configuration. The capsid has three functions: firstly, it protects the nucleic acid from digestion by enzymesRead MoreIntroduction Immunosensor or commonly known as Biosensor came together by combining a biological1100 Words   |  5 Pages There are three components that made up a biosensor- bioreceptor, bio transducer and electronic system. a. Bioreceptor is also known as bio-recognition component. ïÆ' ¨ It is where it uses biomolecules from organisms such as enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acid and a cell as a whole. It is design to interact with the specific analyte of interest to produce an effect measurable by the transducer. ïÆ' ¨ The key requirement for a bioreceptor is that needed to have a high selectivity for the analyte among theRead MoreResearch Methods And Design : Cell Types860 Words   |  4 Pagesresonance imaging, coated with a novel copolymer (CP-PEI) comprised of short chain polyethylenimine (PEI) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) grafted to the natural polysaccharide, chitosan (CP), which allows efficient loading and protection of the nucleic acids.8 PEG will be grafted to depolymerized chitosan (chitosan-g-PEG or CP). CP coated iron oxide nanoparticles (NP-CP) are prepared in the presence of chitosan-g-PEG by the co-precipitation of ferrous and ferric chlorides with ammonium hydroxide. TheRead MoreLiterature Reviews On Biosensors And Risk Perpection And Communications1614 Words   |  7 Pagescells. Given that the nucleic acid aptamers function in vivo across blood plasma, it limitations has proven not to be efficient and accurate in cancer diagnosis. Due to its polynucleotides nature, n ucleic acid aptamers are naturally susceptible to enzymes degradation by exo-nucleases or enod-nucleases, leading to a reduced in vivo circulatory half-life [16]. The use of aptamers in animal models of disease and in human is seen to have reduced stability of natural nucleic acids in biological media [17]Read MorePollution from Synthetic Dyes1379 Words   |  6 Pagesforbidden with normal atmospheric triplet oxygen. 1.3.4 Sulfide Analysis The formation of methylene blue after the reaction of hydrogen sulphide with dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine and iron (III) at pH 0.4 – 0.7 is utilized to focus by photometric measurements. Sulfide concentration in the range of (20 ppb to 1.5 ppm). The test is highly delicate and sensitive and the blue coloration developing upon contact of the reagents with dissolved H2S is stable for 60 min. Ready-to-use kits for example the SpectroquantRead MoreWater Is Convenient Environment For Microorganisms Growth1709 Words   |  7 Pagesquantify antigens that may still be present and reactive in noninfectious or inactivated microbes involve defined substrate methods, fast detections using chromogenic substances, application of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, IMS/ culture. measurements ÃŽ ²-D-glucuronidase activity was experimentally measured by using colored or fluorescent markers that change color after enzyme action. The identification based on enzyme ÃŽ ²-glucuronidase (product of gene uidA) specific to 94-97% of E.coli is monitoredRead MoreThe Effect Of Water Temperature On The Health Of An Estuary1661 Words   |  7 Pagesmay occur naturally, for example in shallow water overlying seagrass areas, higher than expected pH values may indicate blooms of phytoplankton or macroalgae. What factors affect PH level? Pollution generated from rain events, such as acid runoff from exposed acid sulphate soils on land, can drain into an estuary and reduce pH values dramatically. Alternatively, biological processes of photosynthesis associated with plants and algae can raise pH levels well above the normal marine range through removal

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Essay about The Use of Recombinant DNA Technology - 844 Words

The Use of Recombinant DNA Technology Recombinant DNA technology is the technology of preparing recombinant DNA in vitro by cutting up DNA molecules and splicing together fragments from more than one organism.(1) This is the process of using recombinant DNA technology to enable the rapid production of human protein from a single gene of insulin. Firstly the single gene required must be isolated. This can be done three ways: Either by working backwards from the protein- Finding the amino acid sequence for the protein needed, the order of bases can be established using known genetic code. New DNA can be made from this sequence of bases resulting in artificial gene made from complementary DNA. By†¦show more content†¦They are short circular strands of DNA found in some bacteria. The joining process is controlled by the enzyme ligase and is called ligation. The new circular DNA molecule produced is called recombinant DNA as it contains genes from the original plasmid and the human gene. Finally if to discover if the uptake of DNA had been successful a gene for antibiotic resistance is used. If bacterial cells have successfully taken up the recombinant DNA then it will be resistant to the antibiotic. They are then grown in fermentors. Cells that have not taken up the DNA will be killed by the antibiotic. (3) Recombinant DNA technology has many different uses. It is used for genetically engineered micro organisms. This is when human genes are inserted into bacteria which are then grown in fermentors. The bacteria then produce a human protein. So, large amounts of insulin and human growth hormone can be produced cheaply. It is used to map human chromosomes (The human genome project). The aim of this is to create a map of all the human chromosomes identifying the precise location of every gene. This will help to develop a new gene therapy treatment It can be use for identification of mutations-people may be tested for the presence of mutated proteins that may be associated with breast cancer, retinoblastoma, and neurofibromatosis. It can be used forShow MoreRelatedThe Debated Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology Essay703 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"[...] any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use.† This statement is often used to describe the fundamental aim of biotechnology around the world. Karl Ereky, one of the foremost proponents of the term biotechnology foresaw that â€Å"merging biology and technology could be used to transform living substances into products that are more useful than in their natural state,† thus benefitingRead MoreThe Potential Of Manipulating Genetic Engineering1571 Words   |  7 Pagesproducts to consume. With two conflicting stances on this DNA technology, there essentially cannot be a resolution to this controversy; only arguments and reasons. However, what exactly is each side’s rationale? Through observation and analyzation, each stance’s reasonings will appear; as well as vital information about this DNA Technology itself. Also, this will allow me to confirm my beliefs on this controversial topic. As of right now, the technology appears to effectively split the human society, inRead MoreThe Use Of Recombinant Dna For Science And Medicine909 Words   |  4 PagesThe use of recombinant DNA technology has been a huge advancement to science. In the early 1970s the first recombinant DNA was produced (â€Å"1972 First†, 2013). Researchers Stanley Cohen and Hebert Boyer used restriction enzymes to cut DNA at specific sites, and then fused them back together to form their recombinant vector (â€Å"1972 First†, 2013; Cederbaum, S., et al., 1984). Through transformation the vector is then inserted into a host cell to amplify their hybrid DNA, also known as recombinant DNARead MoreDna And Ethics Of Recombinant Dna1601 Words   |  7 Pages Recombinant DNA and Ethics Brooke Boland BIO/410 - Genetics October 23, 2017 Miranda Gauthier Recombinant DNA and Ethics Recombinant DNA technology has become a powerful influence to many fields including medicine, pharmaceuticals and agriculture. Genetic modifications of plants, animals and other organisms have allowed scientists to improve the quality of human life. As genetic engineering continues to rapidly grow, many ethical, social and legal issues arise evaluating the risksRead MoreThe Field Of Bioinformatics Is The Process Of Technology1598 Words   |  7 Pages1. In your own words, describe what the field of bioinformatics is; write one paragraph (about 300 words) about this; be very descriptive. The field of bioinformatics is the process of technology by the use of computers (BioPlanet, 2015). This field manages biological information (BioPlanet, 2015). We all use computers on a regular basis, but computers are capable of much more they can store biological information, gather this information, analyze and integrate genetic information as well (BioPlanetRead MoreThe Human Of Recombinant Bacteria1649 Words   |  7 PagesRecombinant bacteria is a bacterium cell that has had its genome changed, by the alteration, or edition of a gene. Recombinant DNA is DNA that has been artificially prepared by cutting DNA into smaller fragments and joining fragments together, that would not normally be found together naturally- even fragments taken from different organisms.( Principles of Gene Manipulation sixth edition, S.B. Primrose, R.M. Twyman and R.W. Old ) DNA can be cut using the enzyme Restriction endonuclease, which recognisesRead MoreEssay on Facts of Cloning1032 Words   |   5 Pagescloning. This may be the most popular type of cloning known in society, but there are two others used in the scientific community. The two types are, recombinant DNA cloning (DNA cloning), and therapeutic cloning. The type of cloning used for Dolly was reproductive cloning, which is, a technology used to generate an animal that has the same nuclear DNA as another animal that is currently in existence or once was. More specifically there is a process known as SCNT (somatic cell nuclear transfer). Read MoreThe Benefits of Genetic Engineering Essay1459 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many aspects of genetic engineering and to thoroughly understand it looking into each is absolutely necessary. In order to understand genetic engineering, the key terms in this controversy that must be defined are the following: recombinant DNA technology, cloning, gene therapy, and the humane genome project. Genetic engineering is the alteration of genetic material by direct intervention in the genetic processes with the purpose of producing new substances or improving functions ofRead MoreBiotechnology Research Paper1794 Words   |  7 Pagesmost advanced form was microbial fermentation. This was mostly used for food preservation and alcoholic beverages. Although that technology is stilled used, it as been integrated with the recombinant DNA technology, allowing for a more specialized approach therefore widening the range of products the technology can be used for. With the addition of recombinant DNA technology scientists have been able to manufacture human insulin, the hepatitis B vaccine, the calf enzyme used in cheese- making, biodegradableRead MoreDna Lab Report1345 Words   |  6 Pages The genomic DNA sample concentration of 28.5 ng/ÃŽ ¼L and its A260/A280 ratio of 1.85 indicates that the DNA was relatively pure since a 260/280 ratio of ~1.8 is generally accepted as pure for DNA (Cox, Doudna O’Donnell, 2015). The ratio of white colonies to blue colonies observed on the blue-white screen plate was 31:37, which shows that there was a greater number of E. coli DH5-ÃŽ ± that did not contain the plasmid with the foreign gene insert. Therefore, out of all of the E. coli DH5-ÃŽ ± cells that

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Compare And Contrast The Star And The Necklace Essay Example For Students

Compare And Contrast The Star And The Necklace Essay Compare And Contrast The Star And The NecklaceThe story The Star, which was written in 1970s, is trying to say that we need to understand the truth of our fate rather than put on blinders and quit refusing everything else that we dont want to see. In the story The Necklace written by Guy De Maupassant the woman worked herself to the bone for ten years trying to pay off the debt used to pay for the necklace she lost at the ball. The woman in this story is a poor pretty woman who thought she deserved a better life than one that she already had. The main character in this story is a woman named Louis, the daughter of simple working class man. Both stories include a sub theme of a hope for a better life, in which all men were created equal and all the ugly injustices in the world would cease to exist. But the cold hard fact is that we humans have this innate sense of optimism, which blocks our thinking for reality, because without it we would have no reason for living. In the case of the woman in the story The necklace the object being the necklace which she eventually loses and tries to replace. Instead of hiding the truth and facing the music, which was harder, to take than when she lied. The old adage which says, What a tangled web weave when we first start to deceive. We humans cant handle the truth. We think we know what is the truth. What that really is just bullshit. Its arrogance-playing tricks on our minds making us think we are in control of our lives. If we really were in control of our lives then why cant we control every little aspect of it that gives discomfort? Because we cant, because we dont know how, and eventually the truth will show that is we dont what the truth really is. Using the slippery slope logic one can conclude that the two stories are more similar than they are different but because the assignment at hand requires for me to compare and contrast in an illustrative manner then I guess I should start. In the story the Star the setting is on a rocket ship with astronauts and the setting in the necklace is old France in the late 1970s. The Star is a science fiction story while the necklace is an illustrative story. In the necklace the story is told from the third people point of view compared to the Stars point of view is in the first person. The necklace discusses the social classes distinction in detail while in the star is describes the Astrology in detail. The person who wrote the necklace was French was illustrative the author of the star was clearly American. The main focus of the story is based on the importance of having money while the star is about the survival of the fittest. But the cold hard fact is that we humans have this innate sense of optimism, which blocks our thinking for reality, because without it we would have no reason for living. In the case of the woman in the story The necklace the object being the necklace which she eventually loses and tries to replace. Instead of hiding the truth and facing the music, which was harder, to take than when she lied. The old adage which says, What a tangled web weave when we first start to deceive. We humans cant handle the truth. We think we know what is the truth. What that really is just bullshit. Its arrogance-playing tricks on our minds making us think we are in control of our lives. If we really were in control of our lives then why cant we control every little aspect of it that gives discomfort? Because we cant, because we dont know how, and eventually the truth will show that is we dont what the truth really is. Using the slippery slope logic one can conclude that the two stories are more similar than they are different but because the assignment at hand requires for me to compare and contrast in an illustrative manner then I guess I should start. In the story the Star the setting is on a rocket ship with astronauts and the setting in the necklace is old France in the late 1970s. The Star is a science fiction story while the necklace is an illustrative story. In the necklace the story is told from the third people point of view compared to the Stars point of view is in the first person. The necklace discusses the social classes distinction in detail while in the star is describes the Astrology in detail. The person who wrote the necklace was French was illustrative the author of the star was clearly American. The main focus of the story is based on the importance of having money while the star is about the survival of the fittest. The similarities in both stories include that both deal with theme of hope. One is more graphic in the account of survival as portrayed in the star but the details in how the girl had to work hard in how each detail in her work day was shown through words was illustrative. Both deal with the issue of false pretense that living a certain life would bring true happiness, which in both case should that it didnt. The dismal setting Star is in contrast with the grandeur at which the Necklace is played out. The false hope that we control our own destiny is both misinterpreted by everyone. That is why these two stories, which are about two different subjects, seem to have the same effect on a person, which is depression. .